385 208-9200 info@innergydev.com

Organs Prostate (Cross Section)

Transit Amplifying Cells

Transit-amplifying cells (TACs) are an early intermediate in tissue regeneration.      Source

 

Sinus

On either side of the urethral crest is a slightly depressed fossa, the prostatic sinus, the floor of which is perforated by numerous apertures, the orifices of the prostatic ducts from the lateral lobes of the prostate.

 

Stem/Progenitor Cells

A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its “target” cell. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving. Most progenitors are described as oligopotent. In this point of view, they may be compared to adult stem cells. But progenitors are said to be in a further stage of cell differentiation. They are in the “center” between stem cells and fully differentiated cells. Progenitor cells are found in adult organisms and they act as a repair system for the body. They replenish special cells, but also maintain the blood, skin and intestinal tissues. They can also be found in developing embryonic pancreatic tissue.

 

Anterior Prostatic Buds

Prostate gland formation, The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.

 

Other Epithelial Cells

Our hands are made of millions of epithelial cells that are tightly packed next to each other.  Epithelial cells also line the inside of your throat, intestines, blood vessels, and all your organs. They are a barrier between the inside and outside of your body and are often the first place that is attacked by viruses as they begin their invasion deeper into the body. Epithelial cells are the safety shields of the body. Take another look at your hand. It is covered with epithelial cells that protect your body by being a barrier between your internal cells and the dirt and microbes in the environment. They also are able to stretch so you can move your fingers and arms into many positions. You can also thank your epithelial cells for making the sweat that cools you down when you’re exercising or when it’s hot outside. Other epithelial cells help you experience your environment by having special sensors, called receptors, that collect signals. When you taste a favorite food or smell a flower, the receptors in these cells send the signal to your brain so you can enjoy every bite and sweet smell. Once you swallow that bite of food, it travels down a path lined with epithelial cells. When it gets to your intestines, another set of epithelial cells absorbs and transports nutrients from the foods you eat and helps process it for energy your body can use. Converting food energy to energy your body can use is the work of molecules called enzymes. Once again, it is epithelial cells that make and secrete the enzymes in your stomach. Epithelial cells also secrete hormones into your blood vessels, mucous in your nose and the breast milk which mothers feed their young.     Source

 

Basement Membrane

This is a thin, fibrous, extracellular matrix of tissue that separates the lining of an internal or external body surface from underlying connective tissue in metazoans.

 

Smooth Muscles Cells

Smooth muscle cells appear as thin layer of sheets and are found in the walls of blood vessels (vascular smooth muscle), lymphatic vessels, bladder and uterus (uterine smooth muscle) and other areas of the body. The primary function of smooth muscles is to create contractions in the presence of an external stimulus. This stimuli can differ in different areas of the body to induce individual effects. Smooth muscle contractions are created by a sliding motion between actin filaments and myosin. The energy to generate this motion is provided by ATP hydrolysis.     Source

 

Urethra

The male urethra is a pelvic urinary organ that functions primarily as a connecting cord which transports urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior. On the superior end of the bladder is a pair of 25-30 cm long muscular tubes, the ureters, which also connect and fills the bladder with urine formed in the kidneys. The male urethra, on the other hand, is an 18-22 cm long muscular tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder. Hence it runs from the internal urethral orifice of the bladder to the external urethral orifice located at the tip of the glans penis. The urethra also functions to provide an exit for semen (sperm) and glandular secretions) during ejaculation. Thus, in males, the urethra is a part of the urinary system as well as the reproductive system. While the urethra runs the length of the penis in males, in females, it is very short and it is not part of the reproductive system.        Source

 

Peri-Prostatic UGM Cells (Urogenital Sinus Mesenchyme Cells)

The initial step of prostate development in UGM involves the differentiation of fibroblasts and SMCs, and in response to the UGM androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals, UGE can grow into the surrounding stromal cells and develop into the prostate epithelial cells as part of the normal prostate development. The ability of the UGM to induce epithelial development and the developed epithelial cells, in return, to direct UGM to undergo differentiation, suggesting that the reciprocal developmental interactions between UGM and UGE might be governed by androgen/AR signals, which are essential for the development of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa).     Source

 

Urothelial Cells

This is an example of transitional epithelium. It is the type of epithelium that lines much of the urinary tract including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra.

 

Other UGM Cells (Urogenital Sinus Mesenchyme Cells)

The initial step of prostate development in UGM involves the differentiation of fibroblasts and SMCs, and in response to the UGM androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals, UGE can grow into the surrounding stromal cells and develop into the prostate epithelial cells as part of the normal prostate development. The ability of the UGM to induce epithelial development and the developed epithelial cells, in return, to direct UGM to undergo differentiation, suggesting that the reciprocal developmental interactions between UGM and UGE might be governed by androgen/AR signals, which are essential for the development of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa).       Source

Basal Epithelial Cells

Epithelia are a sheet of cells that covers most of the body surfaces, forms the functional unit of secretory glands and line the inner surface of blood vessels. Epithelia perform a wide variety of functions and adopt different cellular arrangements and structure to accomplish these functions. Epithelial cells are held together by tight junctions, adhering junction and desmosomes and attach to a specialized form of extracellular matrix called the basement membrane. Epithelial cells are polarized with an apical surface facing the lumen or external environment and a basal surface facing the basement membrane. The apical and basal surfaces have unique biochemical compositions. Epithelial cells are held together through a set of cell to cell interactions along their lateral surface: tight junctions, adhering junctions and desmosomes. Epithelial cells attach to a specialized kind of extracellular matrix called the basal lamina or basement membrane that separates epithelial cells from the underlying tissue. Epithelia cells are polarized with an apical surface that faces the lumen of a tube or the external environment and a basal surface that attaches to the basement membrane. The apical and basal surfaces perform different functions and have unique biochemical compositions. Epithelial cells are continuously renewed. Mechanical forces and harsh environmental conditions damage and kill cells. Every epithelium has a supply of stem cells to replenish lost or damaged cells. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing. Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane.      Source

 

Ventral Prostatic Bud

The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.      Source

 

Nerves

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body’s electrical wiring. the nervous system has two components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. the central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia (clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect to one another and to the central nervous system.       Source

 

Vasculature

Vascular reactivity is a vital component of vascular function that enables adjustments of blood flow and alterations of vessel tone and diameter, when needed. Healthier arteries have higher vasodilative capacity and are more reactive. Multiple factors, including known cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking) as well as genetic, environmental, and other detrimental factors, reduce the vasodilative capacity.     Source

 

VMP Cells

Ventral mesenchymal pad (VMP). The ventral mesenchymal pad lies ventral to the urethra and has been shown to be able to induce the formation of the ventral prostate. It also develops in the female embryos , and is able to induce the formation of the prostate in the presence of androgens. is found in both males and females, yet only males develop a prostate. We demonstrate that a layer of smooth muscle differentiates between the VMP and the urethral epithelium, and that there is a sexually dimorphic difference in the development of this layer. Serial section reconstruction showed that the layer formed at approximately embryonic day 20.5 in females, but did not form in males. In cultures of female reproductive tracts, testosterone was able to regulate the thickness of this layer resulting in a 2.4-fold reduction in thickness. We observed that prostatic buds were present in some female reproductive tracts, and determined that testosterone was able to stimulate prostatic organogenesis, depending upon the bud position relative to the smooth muscle layer.        Source

 

UGM Cells (Urogenital Sinus Mesenchyme Cells)

The initial step of prostate development in UGM involves the differentiation of fibroblasts and SMCs, and in response to the UGM androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals, UGE can grow into the surrounding stromal cells and develop into the prostate epithelial cells as part of the normal prostate development. The ability of the UGM to induce epithelial development and the developed epithelial cells, in return, to direct UGM to undergo differentiation, suggesting that the reciprocal developmental interactions between UGM and UGE might be governed by androgen/AR signals, which are essential for the development of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa).      Source

 

UGM Cells (Urogenital Sinus Mesenchyme Cells)

The initial step of prostate development in UGM involves the differentiation of fibroblasts and SMCs, and in response to the UGM androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals, UGE can grow into the surrounding stromal cells and develop into the prostate epithelial cells as part of the normal prostate development. The ability of the UGM to induce epithelial development and the developed epithelial cells, in return, to direct UGM to undergo differentiation, suggesting that the reciprocal developmental interactions between UGM and UGE might be governed by androgen/AR signals, which are essential for the development of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa).      Source